车友车行

S开头的 鹰 的英文单词怎么写 (steller)

车友车行 资讯攻略 2023-03-17 1058浏览 1

saker是鹰的一种,在上可以查到,但是没详细解释。

也许在动物百科里可能会有吧

steller(stellart型裤子) 第1张

海星英文怎么读

海星的英文读starfish。

海星(Asteroidea)是棘皮动物中结构生理最有代表性的一类。体扁平,多为五辐射对称,体盘和腕分界不明显。生活时口面向下,反口面向上。腕腹侧具步带沟,沟内伸出管足。内骨骼的骨板以结缔组织相连,柔韧可曲。体表具棘和叉棘,为骨骼的突起。从骨板间突出的膜质泡状突起,外覆上皮,内衬体腔上皮,其内腔连于次生体腔,称为皮鳃,有呼吸和使代谢产物扩散到外界的作用。水管系发达。个体发育中经羽腕幼虫和短腕幼虫。

辐径1-65厘米,多数20-30厘米。腕中空,有短棘和叉棘覆盖。下面的沟内有成行的管足(有的末端有吸盘),使海星能向任何方向爬行,甚至爬上陡峭的面。低等海星取食沿腕沟进入口的食物粒。高等种类的胃能翻至食饵上进行体外消化,或整个吞入。内骨骼由石灰骨板组成。通过皮肤进行呼吸。腕端有感光点。多数雌雄异体,少数雌雄同体;有的可以无性分裂生殖。

现存种类1600种,化石种类300种,广泛分布于砂质海底、软泥海底、珊瑚礁及各种深度的海洋中。

海星与海参、海胆等同属棘皮动物。它们通常有五个腕,但也有四个或六个的,体扁平,多呈星形。整个身体由许多钙质骨板借结缔组织结合而成,体表有突出的棘、瘤或疣等附属物。有的多达50条腕,在这些腕下侧并排长有4 列密 密的管足。用管足既能捕获猎物,又能让自己攀附岩礁,大个的 海星有好几千管足。海星的嘴在其身体下侧中部,可与海星爬过 的物体表面直接接触。海星的体型大小不一,小到2-5厘米、大到90厘米,体色也不尽相同,几乎每只都有差别,最多的颜色有 桔黄色、红色、紫色、黄色和青色等。

海星纲动物身体的直径一般在12-24厘米左右,但大小在不同种变化很大、直径的变化幅度在1-80厘米之间。多数体表黄褐色,但也有的种具明亮红、桔、蓝、紫等色,或几种颜色的混合色。身体呈五星形,例如海盘车,由中央盘向外伸出五个腕。太阳海星的腕可多达40个。多数种类的腕靠近中央盘处较宽,末端渐细,少数相近。腕的长度一般为中央盘直径的1-3倍,但也有的腕达4-5倍。

有的种类腕很短,以致使身体呈五角形,如面包海星(Culcita)。由腕到中央盘的中心区称步带区(bulacral area),也称辐射区(radii)。步带区之间的部位称间步带区(intera bulacral area),也称间辐射区(interradii)。生活时,海盘车向下的一面,中央盘的中央有口,口的周围为膜质的围口部,这一面称为口面。相对的一面,即上表面称为反口面。口面从口到各腕的末端伸出一条很宽的沟称为步带沟,沟内有2-4列管足。步带沟的两侧边缘有可动的长棘,可随时关闭及保护步带沟。腕的末端具一小丛触手,末端的一个触手下具红色眼点。反口面中央盘的中央部位有 *** ,但一般不易看到。在中央盘靠边缘某两腕之间有一圆形小板,称筛板,它是水管系与外界相通的门户。由于由体表向外伸出许多刺和棘,所以整个身体的表面,特别是反口面通常是很粗糙的。也有的种类体表的刺和棘呈扁平状,而使体表略光滑。口面与反口面的位置在棘皮动物各纲中并不完全相同。由于生活方式的改变,或使口面向上(海百合类),或使口面与反口面的区分不明显(海参纲)。

棘皮动物的体壁由表皮及真皮组成。体壁的最表面是一层很薄的角质层,其内为一层单纤毛的柱状上皮细胞。在上皮细胞中夹杂有神经感觉细胞及粘液腺细胞,腺细胞的分泌物可以粘着落于体表的沉渣,再由纤毛扫走。表皮之下是一层神经细胞及纤维层,构成棘皮动物的表皮下神经丛。随后是真皮层,包括一层很厚的结缔组织及肌肉层。肌肉可分为外层环肌和内层纵肌,反口面的纵肌发达,收缩可使腕弯曲。肌肉层之内即为一层体腔膜(peritoneu)。

棘皮动物的骨骼由中胚层形成,属内骨骼,位于体壁的结缔组织内。它是由许多分离的不同形状的小骨片在结缔组织的连接下形成的网格状骨骼,由掺有10%碳酸镁的钙盐组成。小骨片上有穿孔,这样既可减轻重量,又可增加强度。每个小骨片是由真皮中一个细胞先分泌一个晶体,围绕晶体再由周围的细胞分泌及积累钙盐形成,因此骨片可随动物的生长而增大。骨片的大小、形状及网格的排列都决定于真皮细胞的结构与排列。

除了骨片之外,还有一些刺(spine)、叉棘(pedi-cellaria)及棘突束(paxilla)等骨骼成分散布于体表,用以防卫及消除体表的沉积物。其中叉棘有的无柄,有的有柄。叉棘在海盘车及棘钳目是很普遍的,它们由小骨板组成,呈钳状或剪刀状,借助于基部的一对对抗肌牵引、控制开闭。有的叉棘在刺的四周成圈排列。显带目海星的反口面有分离的伞状骨片,伞面上有许多可动的刺,这就是棘突束,适用于沙面穴居生活。表皮上除刺、棘之外,还有大量的皮鳃,它的结构与功能将在呼吸部分叙述。

水管系统(water vascular syste米)是棘皮动物所特有的一个管状系统,它全部来自体腔,因此管内壁裹有体腔上皮,并充满液体,它的主要机能在于运动。水管系统通过筛板与外界相通。筛板是一石灰质圆板,上面盖有一层具纤毛的上皮,表面具有许多沟道,沟底部有许多小孔及管道,并进入下面的一个囊内,由囊再连到下面的石管(stone c *** )。[2]

石管是由于管壁有钙质沉积而得名,壁管有突起伸入管腔,而将管腔不完全地隔开,以允许管内液体向口面及向反口面同时流动。石管由反口面垂直向下,到达口面后与口周围的环水管(circular c *** )相连。环水管位于口面骨板的内面,管壁也常褶皱,将管腔也分成许多小管道,其作用可能有利于液体在其中的流动。在间辐区的环管上有4-5对褶皱形成的囊状结称,称贴氏体(Tiede米ann's bodies),它的作用可能是产生体腔细胞。另外相当多的海星类环管上还有1-5个具管的囊,称波里氏囊(Polianvesicles),囊壁上有肌肉,用以贮存环管中的液体。海盘车没有波里氏囊。[2]

由环管向每个腕伸出一辐射管(radial c *** )直达腕的末端,辐水管位于步带沟中腕骨板外面,辐管沿途向两侧伸出成对的侧管(lateral c *** ),左右交替排列。侧管末端膨大,穿过腕骨片向内进入体腔形成坛囊(pulla)。坛囊的末端成为管足进入步带沟内。[2]

许多种类管足末端扁平形成吸盘。管足的结构与体壁相似,外有纤毛上皮,内有体腔上皮,中间有肌肉及结缔组织,肌肉的收缩控制管足弯曲或延伸。由辐水管向两侧伸出的侧水管如果等长,则管足在步带沟内表现出两行;如果侧水管长短交替,则管足在步带沟内表现出4列。海盘车则表现出4列状。水管系统中充满液体,其体液与海水等渗,其中含有体腔细胞、少量蛋白质及很高的钾离子,在运动中相当于一个液压系统。当坛囊收缩时,它与侧管交界处的瓣膜关闭,囊内的液体进入管足,管足延伸,与地面接触,管足末端的吸盘产生真空以附着地面。当管足的肌肉收缩时,管足缩短,液体又流回坛囊。棘皮动物就是这样靠管足的协调收缩以完成运动,而水管系统的其他部分可能仅用以维持管内的压力平衡。

有实验证明管内的液体并不与外界交换。海星运动时常以1-2个腕为领导腕,该腕内的管足同步向相同方向伸出及缩回。但实际上5个腕的管足并不总是向相同方向伸出或完全协调的,因此,海星的运动是很缓慢的。由于意外身体翻转时,它用1-2个腕扭转恢复到正常位置,并吸附在地面,然后身体由腕下面翻过,以恢复正常运动。显带目海星如槭海星(Astropecten)、砂海星等生活在软质海底,其管足无吸盘,在步带沟中排成两列,这些特征有利于它们在泥沙穴居或爬行。

其取食方式基本上有以下三种:

大多数海星类具长可弯曲的腕,管足上具吸盘,多以双壳类为食,取食时身 *** 于贝壳上,以两腕在贝壳两侧吸着,由于管足末端吸盘的真空作用,其拉力足以拉开双壳类的壳口,海星立刻翻出喷门胃插入壳口内,并分泌消化酶,直到闭壳肌及内脏部分地被消化,贝壳完全张开,再用胃包围吞嚥食物一同进入口内。

一些具短腕、管足上无吸盘的种类,是以较小的动物如小的甲壳类等为食,取食时是整个将食物吞嚥,消化在胃内而不在体外进行。

深海生活的种类以纤毛过滤取食,靠纤毛作用将落入体表的沉渣有机物等扫入步带沟,形成食物索,再送入口内,例如槭海星。又如鸡爪海星(Henricia),胃盲囊内有纤毛,靠纤毛的运动帮助抽吸食物入胃。[2]

海星类的消化道也呈五辐排列,口位于口面中央,周围有围口膜,膜上有环肌及括约肌,调节口的扩大与缩小。口后为食道,很短,随后进入膨大的胃。胃壁上有水平方向的紧缩,使胃被分隔成近口面的喷门胃(cardiac sto米ach)和近反口面的较小的幽门胃(pyloric sto米ach)。取食时喷门胃常外翻,包裹食物后再一同缩回体内。胃壁上有2-10条体腔膜起源的胃带(gastric ligaents),将之连接到骨板上。由幽门胃向各腕伸出一幽门管,进入腕后立刻分为两支,直达腕的末端。幽门管沿途向两侧分出例管,其周围有大量腺细胞包围形成幽门盲囊(pyloriccecv),它实际上是消化腺,也称肝脏,具分泌消化酶、吸收及贮藏营养物质的功能。幽门胃后为很短的肠,肠末端直肠周围有5个直肠盲囊(rectal cecv米),最后以很小的 *** 开口在反口面中央。有的种甚至没有肠,不能消化的食物通常仍由口吐出。消化道的内壁均裹有纤毛上皮,在喷门胃壁上有发达的腺细胞以分泌消化酶,特别是幽门盲囊可以分泌蛋白酶、淀粉酶及脂肪酶。食物可进行部分的体外消化,在胃内主要进行胞外消化,在幽门盲囊中可进行胞内消化。

棘皮动物没有专门的循环器官,可能由体腔液执行循环机能。中央盘及腕中都有发达的体腔,围绕在器官周围,其中充满体腔液,靠体腔膜细胞的纤毛摆动造成体腔液的流动,以完成营养物质的输送。体腔液中的体腔细胞可能是来自体腔膜,也有人说来自贴氏体,具吞噬机能。由于体腔液与海水等渗,很少具调节能力,因此棘皮动物只能生存在海水中,很少侵入河口。仅有个别种可以在低盐水中(8-18‰)生活,其余均生活在标准海水中(盐度35‰)。棘皮动物具有一特殊的血系统(heal syste)及围血系统(perihe alsyste)。[2]

血系统包括一系列与水管系统相应的管道,其中充满液体,液体中也有体腔细胞。在口面环水管的下面有环血管,向各腕也伸出辐血管,也位于辐水管之下。由环血管向反口面伸出一深褐色海绵状组织的腺体与石管伴行,称轴腺(axialgland),它可能具有一定的博动能力。在接近反口面处伸出胃血环(gastric he米alring),并分支到幽门盲囊,到达反口面时形成反口面血环,并分支到生殖腺。在靠近筛板处有一背囊,也有搏动能力,可推动液体的流动。血系统的功能尚不能确定,可能与物质的输送有关。包围在血系统之外的并与之伴行的是围血系统,除了没有胃围血环之外,其余完全相伴而行。实际上它是体腔的一部分,包在血系统之外形成一套窦隙。关于它的作用很少了解。

海星类的呼吸及排泄主要由皮鳃、管足及体表进行。皮鳃是体壁的内、外两层上皮细胞向外突出的瘤状物,体腔液也流入其中。皮鳃内的体腔上皮的纤毛作用使体腔液在其中流动,皮鳃外层的纤毛上皮造成体表的水流动,这样不停地进行着气体交换。在显带类皮鳃顶端呈分支状,位于棘突束之间的缝隙内。管足在气体交换中也起着重要作用,特别是在皮鳃不发达的种类。有实验证明,在关闭步带沟、管足不能进行呼吸时,氧的消耗量减少60%。海星类的含氮废物也是由皮鳃及管足排出,用活体染料注射体腔表明,代谢废物由体脑细胞摄取,满载后移到皮鳃,并聚集在其顶端,以后当皮鳃收缩时,这些体腔细胞被排出体外。也有的满载代谢物的体腔细胞进入管足末端的吸盘处,以后从吸盘处排出。还有的代谢物来自幽门盲囊,以后随未被消化的食物残渣由口吐出。

海星类及所有棘皮动物的神经系统都是分散的,不形成神经节或神经中枢,且都与上皮细胞紧密相连。一般认为海星类包括三个互不相连的神经结构:

外神经系统(ectoneural nervoussyste米),位于口面体壁的表皮细胞之下,在口面围口膜周围形成一口神经环,由它分出神经支配食道及口周围,并向各腕分出辐神经(radial nerve)。辐神经断面呈“V”字形,沿步带沟底部中央直达腕的末端,沿途发出神经到管足、坛囊。除了这些可见的神经索以外,它们与上皮下的神经纤维丛也相互连接。外神经系统是感觉神经,起源于外胚层,是最重要的神经结构。

内神经系统(entoneuralnervoussyste米),是由上皮下神经丛在步带沟外边缘加厚形成的一对边缘神经索(arginalnervecord),由它发出神经到成对的步带骨板的肌肉上,并在体腔膜下面形成神经丛,支配体壁的肌肉层。

下神经系统(hyponeural nervous syste米),位于围血系统的管壁上(即体腔膜下),也称体腔神经,也是由一个围口神经环及5个间辐区神经加厚组成。内神经与下神经均是运动神经,由中胚层起源,这在动物界是唯一的例外。

神经系统对运动起着重要的作用。有实验证明,切断一个腕的辐神经,则所有腕的管足协调运动消失。如在两腕之间切断环神经,则抑制了所有的运动,这说明在辐神经与环神经之间存在着一个神经中心,而这个中心一般是存在于起主导作用的腕上,由它控制着其他腕的协调一致。大多数种类五个腕都可临时性的作为主导腕,也有少数种只有一个腕是永久性的主导腕。每个腕的末端、触手的下面有一红色的眼点,是其唯一的感官,由80-200个色素杯小眼组成。每个小眼由上皮细胞组成杯状,其中有红 *** 素颗粒,盖在其外面的角质层加厚处作为晶体作用,即使把眼点都盖住,它也能对光产生反应。表皮中含有大量的神经感觉细胞,这些细胞具有长的突起,最后加入到上皮神经丛,它们构成感受器,对光、触觉及化学 *** 均有反应。这些感觉细胞分布在整个体表,在管足、触手、步带沟边缘特别丰富。

绝大多数的海星类为雌雄异体,共有10个生殖腺,每个生殖腺由一丛葡萄状管组成。在非成熟期腺体很小,位于五个腕的基部。在生殖期,腺体很大,几乎充满了整个的腕。生殖腺雄性常白色,雌性多橙色,每个生殖腺有一个生殖孔位于反口面腕基部中央盘上。槭海星类(Astropectinidae)每个腕有许多生殖腺,排列成行,生殖孔开口在口面。少数种类为雌雄同体,例如一种海燕(Asterina gibbose),但雄性先熟,即年幼时产生雄性生殖细胞,年龄较大后变成雌性个体,产生卵。[2]

生殖细胞均来自体腔上皮,产卵及受精均在海水中进行。一般雌性生殖细胞的存在可以 *** 其他个体也排卵或雄性排精,或是 *** 的存在 *** 雌性排卵。实验证明卵的成熟与排放是由辐神经的神经分泌细胞的分泌物所 *** 。大多数种类个体产卵量很大,可达250万粒,卵小,少黄卵,间接发育。少数种产卵数目较少,卵亦大,卵黄亦多,为直接发育,但卵经母体的孵育。孵育的 *** 因种而不同,例如翼海星类(Pterasteridae)的一些种,卵在口面孵育;还有的种卵产于反口面中央盘上,腕基部长出长刺以保护卵,并在其中孵育。[2]

大多数的种还要经过一自由游泳的幼虫期。由受精卵经辐射卵裂、形成囊胚,当发育到原肠胚期后,开始自由游泳。起初整个表面有纤毛,随着发育纤毛被限制在一定的纤毛带上,前端起自口,后端到 *** 前,幼体靠纤毛带游泳与取食。以后口前的纤毛带形成一环状,同时体内出现三分体腔,称为双羽幼虫。它是两侧对称的。大约经历数周时间才能发育到双羽幼虫阶段。双羽幼虫经过取食、游泳一段时间之后,在前端出现三个附属的短腕,其顶端具粘着细胞,腕的基部也有粘细胞形成的吸盘,这时称短腕幼虫(brachiolaria)。

随后它用粘细胞及吸盘固着在基底上(显带类不形成短腕幼虫),然后开始变态。幼虫的前端前口叶特化成一固着柄,由幼虫的后端部分发生成体结构,幼虫的左侧变成了口面,右侧变成了反口面,成虫出现腕。幼虫的消化道退化,成虫的消化道按辐射对称发生。幼虫的后体腔变成了成体的躯体腔,后体腔的一部分也变成了围血系统。左侧的前、中体腔(即轴腔、水腔)发育成水管系统,右侧的前、中体腔退化,同时左侧的水腔发生5对突起,每对进入发育中的腕。这5对突起分别代表第一对管足。随着更多管足的形成,则用管足附着,原来固着的前端游离,并不断形成骨板。大约经历了二个月的时间发育成幼体海星,这时直径大约仅1毫米左右,身体由两侧对称变成了辐射对称,完成了变态。

幼体的生长速率及寿命因种而不同,一般1-2年后、少数4-5年后达到性成熟。生长可持续数年,寿命可达数年至10多年,个别种可达30多年。一些海星可以行无性生殖,即通过中心盘的分裂,一个海星可以变成两个。一般地说海星类都有很强的再生能力,一个腕只要带有部分中央盘都可以再生成一个整体,特别是带有筛板时更易于再生。甚至一种指海星,一个被切下的腕,也可以再生出中央盘及其他腕,但再生部分较正常的小。

海星是生活在大海中的一种棘皮动物,它们有很强的繁殖能力,寿命可达35年。全世界大概有1500种海星,大部分的海星,是通过体外受精繁殖的,不需要交配。雄性海星的每个腕上都有一对睾丸,它们将大量 *** 排到水中,雌性也同样通过长在腕两侧的卵巢排出成千上万的卵子。 *** 和卵子在水中相遇,完成受精,形成新的生命。从受精的卵子中生出幼体,也就是小海星。所以要让他们的卵子不能繁殖。

有研究者发现,一些海星具有季节性配对的习性,即雄性海星趴在雌性海星之上,五只腕相互交错。这种行为被认为与生殖有关,但其真正的功能则尚未被确认。

元音字母a加r之后,英音有时读成/ɑ:/音,而美音需加一个/r/音,读成/ɑr/,如:

are 是(be动词现在时复数)

arm 手臂

armchair 扶手椅

card 卡片

cart 二轮马车

farm 农场

park 公园

garden 花园

希望我能帮助你解疑释惑。

海狮生活在南极还是北极?

海狮分布很广,

北海狮(Steller sea lion)又叫北太平洋海狮、斯氏海狮、海驴等,是体形最大的一种海狮,因为在颈部生有鬃状的长毛,叫声也很象狮吼,所以得名.

澳海狮(Australian sea lion)分布于澳大利亚沿岸,南纬26~28o之间,从豪特曼岛到坎加鲁岛.

南美海狮(South American sea lion)主要分布于福克兰群岛、南美沿岸从火地岛向北到巴西的里约热内卢和秘鲁的利马.

新西兰海狮(New Zealand sea lion)分布于新西兰亚南极群岛上,在南纬48o~53o间的奥克兰德群岛、恩德伯马、斯纳里斯群岛上繁殖,最南达坎贝尔岛,偶见于马阔里岛.

加州海狮(California sea lion)全身被粗毛,雄兽颈毛鬃状,分为3亚种,加州海狮群是最大型的哺乳动物群之一.

加拉帕戈斯海狮

加拉帕戈斯海狮(Galapagos sea lion)体被粗毛和密厚绒毛,仅唇尖、耳尖和鳍肢的掌部表面 *** ,分布于加拉帕戈斯群岛上.

濒危动物英文简介

濒危动物 Endangered species

An endangered species is a population of an organi *** (usually a taxonomic species), which because it is either (a) few in number or (b) threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters, is at risk of becoming extinct. Many countries have laws offering special protection to these species or their habitats: for example, forbidding hunting, restricting land development or creating preserves. Only a few of the many endangered species actually make it to the lists and obtain legal protection. Many more species become extinct, or potentially will become extinct, without gaining public notice.

The greatest factor of concern is the rate at which species are becoming extinct within the last 150 years. While species have evolved and become extinct on a regular basis for the last several hundred million years, the number of species becoming extinct since the Industrial Revolution has no precedent in biological history. If this rate of extinction continues, or accelerates as now seems to be the case, the number of species becoming extinct in the next decade could number in the millions[1]. While most people readily relate to endangerment of large mammals or birdlife, some of the greatest ecological issues are the threats to stability of whole ecosystems if key species vanish at any level of the food chain.

Species extinction is the ultimate concern, but there are four different reasons to have for concern with this outcome:

Loss of a species as a biological entity;

destabilization of an ecosystem;

endangerment of other species;

loss of irreplaceable genetic material and associated biochemicals.

The loss of a species in and of itself is an important factor, both as diminution of the enjoyment of nature and as a moral issue for those who believe humans are stewards of the natural environment. Destabilization is a well understood outcome, when an element of food or predation is removed from an ecosystem. Examples abound that other species are in turn affected, such that population increases or declines are forthcoming in these secondary species. Marked change or an unstable spiral can ensue, until other species are lost and the ecosystem structure is changed markedly and irreversibly.

The fourth outcome is more subtle, but perhaps the most important point for mankind to grasp. Each species carries unique genetic material in its DNA and in its chemical factory responding to these genetic instructions. For example, in the valleys of central China, a fernlike weed called sweet wormwood grows, that is the only source of artemisinin, a drug that is nearly 100 percent effective against malaria (Jonietz, 2006). If this plant were lost to extinction, then the ability to control malaria, even today a potent killer, would diminish. There are countless other examples of chemicals unique to a certain species, whose only source is the species, whose genetic factory makes that given substance. How many further chemicals have not yet been discovered and could vanish from the planet when further species become extinct cannot be determined, but it is a highly debated and influential point.

Though extinction can be a natural effect of the process of natural selection, the current extinction crisis is not related to that process. At the present, the Earth has fallen from a peak of biodiversity[1] and Earth is undergoing the Holocene mass extinction period.[2] These periods have occurred before without human intervention; however the current extinction period is unique. Previous periods were triggered by physical causes, such as meteorite collision and volcanic eruption, all leading to climate change. The current extinction period is being caused by humans and began approximately 100,000 years ago with the diaspora of humans to different parts the world. By entering new ecosystems which had never before experienced the human presence, humans disrupted the ecological balance by hunting and also possibly bringing disease. From this time up to approximately 10,000 years ago is known as "phase one" of the sixth extinction period.

Phase two of the period began approximately 10,000 years ago with the birth of agriculture. With the birth of agriculture, humans did not have to rely on interaction with other species for survival and so could begin to domesticate them, and they also did not have to adhere to the limitations of the ecosystem's carrying capacity. Thus, humans became the first species able to live outside local ecosystems. As Niles Eldridge says "Indeed, to develop agriculture is essentially to declare war on ecosystems - converting land to produce one or two food crops, with all other native plant species all now classified as unwanted "weeds" -- and all but a few domesticated species of animals now considered as pests."[3] With the ability to live outside of a local ecosystem, humans have been free to breech the "carrying-capacity" of areas and overpopulate, putting ever more stress on the environment with destructive activities necessary for more population growth. Today, those activities include tropical deforestation, coral loss, other habitat destruction, overexploitation of species, introduction of alien species into ecosystems and pollution (such as soil contamination and greenhouse gases).

[edit] Conservation status

The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that endangered species continuing to survive. Many factors are taken into account when assessing the conservation status of a species; not simply the number remaining, but the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, known threats, and so on. In many areas this is referred to as a red-listed species. Internationally, 189 countries have signed an accord agreeing to create Biodiversity Action Plans to protect endangered and other threatened species. In the USA this plan is usually called a species Recovery Plan.

The best-known worldwide conservation status listing is the IUCN Red List, but many more specialized lists exist. The following conservation status categories are used in articles in this encyclopedia. They are loosely based on the IUCN categories.

Extinct: the last remaining member of the species had died, or is presumed beyond reasonable doubt to have died. Examples: Thylacine, Dodo, Passenger Pigeon.

Extinct in the wild: captive individuals survive, but there is no free-living, natural population. Examples: Dromedary.

Critical or critically endangered: faces an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future. Examples: Ivory-billed Woodpecker, Arakan Forest Turtle

Endangered: faces a very high risk of extinction in the near future. Examples: Blue Whale, Snow Leopard, Kings holly

Vulnerable: faces a high risk of extinction in the medium-term. Examples: Cheetah, Bactrian Camel

Secure or lower risk: no immediate threat to the survival of the species. Examples: Norway Rat, Nootka Cypress, Llama

The following lists are examples of endangered species. It is important to stress that the following lists are a miniscule fraction of the total endangered species. It is also worth noting that the number of species becoming extinct each year is many times as large as the number of species classified as endangered; this fact arises from the extensive and slow review process for listing new species as endangered. It also arises from the voluminous number of yearly extinctions, often for species about which little documentation exists. Note that because of varying standards for regarding a species as endangered, and the very large number of endangered species, these lists should not be regarded as comprehensive. neha

[edit] Endangered mammals

The endangered Island FoxThe following list is a very *** all fraction of known endangered mammals:

Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus)

Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis)

Banteng (Bos javanicus)

Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis)

Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)

Black-footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes)

Black-tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus)

Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus)

Bonobo (Pan paniscus)

Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)

Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus)

Brazilian Sloth (Bradypus torquatus)

Burrowing Bettong (Bettongia lesueur nova)

Common Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Chinese River Dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer) and other river dolphins

Diademed Sifaka (Propithecus diadema)

Eastern Gorilla (Gorilla beringei)

The endangered Sea OtterFin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus)

Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis)

Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox)

Gelada (Theropithecus gelada)

Giant golden-crowned flying fox (Acerodon jubatus)

Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis)

Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)

Giant Pangolin (Manis gigantea)

Giant Sable Antelope (Hippotragus niger varani)

Golden Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia)

Gray Bat (Myotis grisescens)

Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi)

Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)

Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus)

Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata)

Indri (Indri indri)

Island Fox (Urocyon littoralis)

Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus)

Humpback WhaleKey Deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium)

Kouprey (Bos sauveli)

Leopard (Panthera pardus)

Mahogany Glider (Petaurus gracilis)

Mountain Pygmy Possum (Burramys parvus)

Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii)

Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus)

Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)

Père David's Deer (Elaphurus davidianus)

Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus)

Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens)

Red Wolf (Canis rufus)

American bison skull heap. There were as few as 750 bison in 1890 from overhunting.Savannah Elephant (Loxodonta africana)

Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)

Sei Whale (Balaenoptera borealis)

Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia)

Steller's Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus)

Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii)

Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis)

Temminck's Pangolin (Manis temminckii)

Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii)

Tiger (Panthera tigris)

Timber Wolf (Canis lupus)

Vaquita (Phocoena sinus)

Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla)

West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus)

Wolverine (Gulo gulo)

[edit] Endangered birds

Immature California CondorAlaotra Grebe (Tachybaptus rufolavatus)

Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus)

Amami Thrush (Zoothera major)

Amsterdam Albatross (Diomedea amsterdamensis)

Attwater's prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri)

Bali Starling (Leucospar rothschildi)

Black-capped Petrel (Pterodroma hasitata)

Bornean Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron schleiermacheri)

Brazilian Merganser (Mergus octosetaceus)

California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus)

California Least Tern (Sterna antillarum browni)

California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus)

Chatham Albatross (Thalassarche eremita)

Chinese Crested Tern (Sterna bernsteinii)

Christmas Island Frigatebird (Fregata andrewsi)

Cozumel Thrasher (Toxostoma guttatum)

Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon)

Eskimo Curlew (Numenius borealis)

Giant Ibis (Thaumatibis gigantea)

Glaucous Macaw (Anodorhynchus glaucus)

Guam Rail (Gallirallus owstoni)

Gurney's Pitta (Pitta gurneyi)

Hawaiian Crow (Corvus hawaiiensis)

Hawaiian Goose or Néné (Branta sandvicensis)

Imperial Woodpecker (Campephilus imperialis)

Indian White-rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis)

Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis)

Jerdon's Courser (Rhinoptilus bitorquatus)

Junin Flightless Grebe (Podiceps taczanowskii)

Kagu (Rhynochetos jubatus)

Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus)

Kittlitz's Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris)

Kiwi (Apteryx australis, A. hastii, A. owenii)

Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis)

Lear's Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari)

Long-billed Vulture (Gyps indicus)

Magdalena Tinamou (Crypturellus saltuarius)

Magenta Petrel (Pterodroma magentae)

Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo)

Mauritius Fody (Foudia rubra)

Mauritius Parakeet (Psittacula eques)

Mindoro Bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba platenae)

New Zealand Storm-petrel (Oceanites maorianus)

Night Parrot (Geopsittacus occidentalis)

Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita)

Okinawa Woodpecker (Sapheopipo noguchii)

Orange-bellied Parrot (Neophema chrysogaster)

Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi)

Po'ouli (Melamprosops phaeosoma)

Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata)

Raso Skylark (Alauda razae)

Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis)

Red-vented Cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia)

Ridgway's Hawk (Buteo ridgwayi)

São Tomé Gro *** eak (Neospiza concolor)

Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus)

Slender-billed Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris)

Socorro Mockingbird (Mimodes graysoni)

Sociable Lapwing (Vanellus gregarius)

Spix's Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii)

Sumatran Ground Cuckoo (Carpococcyx viridis)

Takahe (Porphyrio hochstetteri)

West Indian Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna arborea)

White-headed Duck (Oxyura leucocephala)

White-shouldered Ibis (Pseudibis davisoni)

Whooping Crane (Grus americana)

Writhed-billed Hornbill (Aceros waldeni)

Yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea)

Zino's Petrel (Pterodroma madeira)

[edit] Endangered reptiles

Loggerhead Sea TurtleAntigua Ground Lizard (Ameiva griswoldi)

Antigua Racer Snake (Alsophis antiguae)

Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard (Gambelia silus)

Burmese Star Tortoise (Geochelone platynota)

Californian Walking Bird (Augusto squamish)

Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard (Uma inornata)

Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer)

Flat Back Turtle (Natator depressa)

Grand Skink (Oligosoma grande)

Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Hawk *** ill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata)

Island Night Lizard (Xantusia riversiana)

Kemp's Ridley (Lepidochelys kempii)

Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis)

Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)

Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta)

Mesoamerican River Turtle (Dermatemys mawii)

Mona Ground Iguana (Cyclura stejnegeri)

Monito Gecko (Sphaerodactylus micropithecus)

Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea)

Otago Skink (Oligosoma otagense)

San Francisco garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia)

Smith's Dwarf Chameleon (Bradypodion taeniabronchum)

St. Croix Ground Lizard (Ameiva polops)

[edit] Endangered amphibians

Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (photo courtesy of Don Roberson)Arroyo toad (Bufo californicus (=microscaphus))

Australian Lace-lid (Nyctimystes dayi)

Barton Springs Salamander (Eurycea sosorum)

Baw Baw Frog (Philoria frosti)

California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense)

Desert Slender Salamander (Batrachoseps aridus)

Fleischmann's Glass Frog (Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni)

Houston toad (Bufo houstonensis)

Italian Spade-footed Toad (Pelobates fuscus insubricus)

Mississippi Gopher Frog (Rana capito sevosa)

Mountain Yellow-legged Frog (Rana muscosa)

Palmate Newt (Triturus helvetica)

Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum)

Shenandoah Salamander (Plethodon shenandoah)

Sonoran Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi)

Spotted Tree Frog (Litoria Spenceri)

Texas Blind Salamander (Eurycea rathbuni)

Wallum Sedge Frog (Litoria olongburensis)

Wyoming Toad ( Bufo baxteri (=hemiophrys))

[edit] Endangered fish

An Asian arowanaAsian arowana (Scleropages formosus)

Bonytail (Gila elegans)

Chinese paddlefish (Psephurus gladius)

Coelacanth (Coelacanthiformes)

Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius)

Cui-ui (Cha *** istes cujus)

Dwarf Pygmy Goby (Pandaka pygmae)

Gambusia eurystoma, native to Mexico, due to very limited habitat

Humpback chub (Gila cypha)

June sucker (Cha *** istes liorus)

Moapa dace (Moapa coriacea)

Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus)

Virgin River chub (Gila seminuda)

[edit] Endangered arthropods

Alabama cave shrimp (Palaemonias alabamae)

Delhi Sands flower-loving fly (Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis), due to severely limited range of habitat and development

Kentucky cave shrimp (Palaemonias ganteri)

San Bruno elfin butterfly (Incisalia mossii bayensis), due to limited range of habitat and development encroachment

Spruce-fir moss spider (Microhexura montivaga)

Ta *** anian giant freshwater crayfish (Astacopsis gouldi)

Tooth cave spider (Neoleptoneta myopica)

White-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes)

海星用英语怎么说呢

Starfish

Starfish: 海星型;海星王子;海星式;海之星海星型

*海星型(Starfish):面朝开花板仰躺,双手上翻靠枕。 这种类型的人身边有很多朋友,因为他总是在倾听对方,并且在别人需要的时候提供帮助。

海星用英文怎么说

问题一:海星用英语怎么说呢 海星

starfish

stelleroid

asteroid

问题二:海星英文怎么读? 海星的英文读starfish。

海星(Asteroidea)是棘皮动物中结构生理最有代表性的一类。体扁平,多为五辐射对称,体盘和腕分界不明显。生活时口面向下,反口面向上。腕腹侧具步带沟,沟内伸出管足。内骨骼的骨板以结缔组织相连,柔韧可曲。体表具棘和叉棘,为骨骼的突起。从骨板间突出的膜质泡状突起,外覆上皮,内衬体腔上皮,其内腔连于次生体腔,称为皮鳃,有呼吸和使代谢产物扩散到外界的作用。水管系发达。个体发育中经羽腕幼虫和短腕幼虫。

辐径1-65厘米,多数20-30厘米。腕中空,有短棘和叉棘覆盖。下面的沟内有成行的管足(有的末端有吸盘),使海星能向任何方向爬行,甚至爬上陡峭的面。低等海星取食沿腕沟进入口的食物粒。高等种类的胃能翻至食饵上进行体外消化,或整个吞入。内骨骼由石灰骨板组成。通过皮肤进行呼吸。腕端有感光点。多数雌雄异体,少数雌雄同体;有的可以无性分裂生殖。

现存种类1600种,化石种类300种,广泛分布于砂质海底、软泥海底、珊瑚礁及各种深度的海洋中。

海星与海参、海胆等同属棘皮动物。它们通常有五个腕,但也有四个或六个的,体扁平,多呈星形。整个身体由许多钙质骨板借结缔组织结合而成,体表有突出的棘、瘤或疣等附属物。有的多达50条腕,在这些腕下侧并排长有4 列密 密的管足。用管足既能捕获猎物,又能让自己攀附岩礁,大个的 海星有好几千管足。海星的嘴在其身体下侧中部,可与海星爬过 的物体表面直接接触。海星的体型大小不一,小到2-5厘米、大到90厘米,体色也不尽相同,几乎每只都有差别,最多的颜色有 桔黄色、红色、紫色、黄色和青色等。

海星纲动物身体的直径一般在12-24厘米左右,但大小在不同种变化很大、直径的变化幅度在1-80厘米之间。多数体表黄褐色,但也有的种具明亮红、桔、蓝、紫等色,或几种颜色的混合色。身体呈五星形,例如海盘车,由中央盘向外伸出五个腕。太阳海星的腕可多达40个。多数种类的腕靠近中央盘处较宽,末端渐细,少数相近。腕的长度一般为中央盘直径的1-3倍,但也有的腕达4-5倍。

有的种类腕很短,以致使身体呈五角形,如面包海星(Culcita)。由腕到中央盘的中心区称步带区(bulacral area),也称辐射区(radii)。步带区之间的部位称间步带区(intera bulacral area),也称间辐射区(interradii)。生活时,海盘车向下的一面,中央盘的中央有口,口的周围为膜质的围口部,这一面称为口面。相对的一面,即上表面称为反口面。口面从口到各腕的末端伸出一条很宽的沟称为步带沟,沟内有2-4列管足。步带沟的两侧边缘有可动的长棘,可随时关闭及保护步带沟。腕的末端具一小丛触手,末端的一个触手下具红色眼点。反口面中央盘的中央部位有 *** ,但一般不易看到。在中央盘靠边缘某两腕之间有一圆形小板,称筛板,它是水管系与外界相通的门户。由于由体表向外伸出许多刺和棘,所以整个身体的表面,特别是反口面通常是很粗糙的。也有的种类体表的刺和棘呈扁平状,而使体表略光滑。口面与反口面的位置在棘皮动物各纲中并不完全相同。由于生活方式的改变,或使口面向上(海百合类),或使口面与反口面的区分不明显(海参纲)。

棘皮动物的体壁由表皮及真皮组成。体壁的最表面是一层很薄的角质层,其内为一层单纤毛的柱状上皮细胞。在上皮细胞中夹杂有神经感觉细胞及粘液腺细胞,腺细胞的分泌物可以粘着落于体表的沉渣,再由纤毛扫走。表皮之下是一层神经细胞及纤维层,构成棘皮动物的表皮下神经丛。随后是真皮层,包括一层很厚的结缔组织及肌肉层。肌肉可分为外层环肌和内层纵肌,反口面的纵......

问题三:海星怎么用英文写? Starfish

海星

Starfish

海星

问题四:海星英文怎么读 starfish

['st?f??]n. 海星

问题五:海星 的英文怎么拼? starfish 2楼是对的

问题六:海星 用英语咋拼? starfish

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